What components are most common to all computer systems?

The components most common to all computer systems include a processor (CPU), memory (RAM), storage, and input/output (I/O) interfaces. The processor is the central unit that executes instructions and performs calculations, while memory provides temporary data storage that the processor uses for quick access to active processes. Storage refers to the long-term data retention, typically associated with hard drives or solid-state drives, which hold the operating system, applications, and user data. I/O encompasses the various interfaces and devices that allow the computer to communicate with the external environment, such as keyboards, mice, monitors, and networks.

The combination of these four components—processor, memory, storage, and I/O—forms the fundamental architecture of any computer system, ensuring that it can perform basic tasks and function effectively. Other configurations may add specific elements, but these four are the essential building blocks common to virtually all computers, from simple embedded systems to complex servers.